Bangladesh,<a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh#cite_note-19">[a]</a> officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh,<a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh#cite_note-20">[b]</a> is a country in <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia">South Asia</a>. It is the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population">eighth-most populous</a> country in the world and seventh <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density">most densely populated</a> with a population of 173,562,364 in an area of 148,460 square kilometres (57,320&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi). Bangladesh shares land borders with <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India">India</a> to the north, west, and east, and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar">Myanmar</a> to the southeast. To the south, it has a coastline along the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>. To the north, it is separated from <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan">Bhutan</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal">Nepal</a> by the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor">Siliguri Corridor</a>, and from <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China">China</a> by the mountainous Indian state of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim">Sikkim</a>. <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, the capital and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Bangladesh">largest city</a>, is the nation's political, financial, and cultural centre. <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong">Chittagong</a> is the second-largest city and the busiest port. The official language is <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language">Bengali</a>, with <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshi_English">Bangladeshi English</a> also used in government.Bangladesh is part of the historic and <a target="_blank" class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnolinguistic">ethnolinguistic</a> region of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal">Bengal</a>, which was divided during the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India">Partition of British India</a> in 1947 as the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bengal">eastern enclave</a> of the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a>.<a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh#cite_note-EyetsemitanGire2003-21">[19]</a> The country came into existence in 1971 after declaring independence from <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan">Pakistan</a> after a <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War">bloody war</a>.<a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh#cite_note-EyetsemitanGire2003-21">[19]</a> The country has a <a target="_blank" class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_Muslim">Bengali Muslim</a> majority. Ancient Bengal was known as <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a> and was a stronghold of pre-Islamic kingdoms. The <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent">Muslim conquest</a> after 1204 led to the sultanate and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire">Mughal</a> periods, during which an independent <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a> and wealthy <a target="_blank" class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Bengal">Mughal Bengal</a> transformed the region into an important centre of regional affairs, trade, and diplomacy. The <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a> in 1757 marked the beginning of British rule. The creation of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam">Eastern Bengal and Assam</a> in 1905 set a precedent for the emergence of Bangladesh. The <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League">All-India Muslim League</a> was founded in Dhaka in 1906.<a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh#cite_note-22">[20]</a> The <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a> in 1940 was supported by <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a>, the first <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bengal">Prime Minister of Bengal</a>. The present-day territorial boundary was established with the announcement of the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radcliffe_Line">Radcliffe Line</a>.In 1947, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bengal">East Bengal</a> became the most populous province in the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a> and was renamed <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>, with Dhaka as the legislative capital. The <a target="_blank" class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement">Bengali Language Movement</a> in 1952, the <a target="_blank" class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat">1958 Pakistani coup d'état</a>, and the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Pakistani_general_election">1970 Pakistani general election</a> spurred <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_nationalism">Bengali nationalism</a> and <a target="_blank" class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-democracy">pro-democracy</a> movements. The refusal of the Pakistani <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_junta">military junta</a> to transfer power to the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awami_League">Awami League</a>, led by <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a>, triggered the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> in 1971. The <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukti_Bahini">Mukti Bahini</a>, aided by India, waged a successful <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution">armed revolution</a>; the conflict saw the <a target="_blank" class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Bangladesh_genocide">Bangladeshi genocide</a>. After the war, Sheikh Mujib became the leader of the country. Mujib's <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman">assassination</a> in 1975 led to the rise of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziaur_Rahman">Ziaur Rahman</a>, who himself was <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Ziaur_Rahman">assassinated</a> in 1981. The 1980s was dominated by the presidency of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussain_Muhammad_Ershad">H M Ershad</a>. After 1990, the Battle of the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begum">Begums</a> between <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaleda_Zia">Khaleda Zia</a> and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Hasina">Sheikh Hasina</a> defined Bangladesh's politics for next 35 years.<a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh#cite_note-23">[21]</a><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh#cite_note-24">[22]</a><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh#cite_note-25">[23]</a> In 2024, an <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunus_ministry">interim government</a> led by Nobel laureate <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a> took power after the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%E2%80%93People%27s_uprising">fall of Sheikh Hasina</a>.A <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_power">middle power</a> in the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a>,<a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh#cite_note-26">[24]</a> Bangladesh is home to the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers">fifth-most spoken native language</a>, the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_by_country">third-largest Muslim-majority population</a>, and the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh">second-largest economy</a> in South Asia. It maintains the third-largest <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Armed_Forces">military</a> in the region and is the largest contributor to <a target="_blank" class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_peacekeeping">UN peacekeeping</a> operations.<a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh#cite_note-27">[25]</a> Bangladesh is a unitary <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_republic">parliamentary republic</a> based on the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_system">Westminster system</a>. <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalis">Bengalis</a> make up almost 99% of the population.<a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh#cite_note-28">[26]</a> The country consists of <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisions_of_Bangladesh">eight divisions</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Bangladesh">64 districts</a>, and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upazila">495 subdistricts</a>, and includes the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans">world's largest mangrove forest</a>. Bangladesh has one of the largest <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_refugees_in_Bangladesh">refugee populations</a> in the world due to the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_genocide">Rohingya genocide</a> in neighboring Myanmar.<a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh#cite_note-29">[27]</a> Bangladesh faces challenges like <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Bangladesh">corruption</a>, <a target="_blank" class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_instability">political instability</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_overpopulation">overpopulation</a>, and the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change">effects of climate change</a>. Bangladesh has twice chaired the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_Vulnerable_Forum">Climate Vulnerable Forum</a> and hosts the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation">Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation</a> (BIMSTEC) headquarters. It is a founding member of the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a> (SAARC) and a member of the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation">Organization of Islamic Cooperation</a> and the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>.

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